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Your legs contain a network of veins. A healthy vein has valves that open and close to assist the return of blood to the heart. Varicose veins are caused by damaged or diseased valves that result in the backward flow of blood in the legs - a condition known as venous reflux. This can cause blood to pool in the legs and lead to symptoms such as pain, swelling, and varicose veins. At the worst, venous insufficiency and reflux can cause skin discoloration and ulceration, which may be very difficult to treat.